Nurturing Resilience: Fostering Trauma-Informed Environments for Children
- Mariam Jafri
- Jan 8, 2025 at 8:55 AM
History of Trauma-Informed Environments
This module is designed to address the critical need for trauma-informed practices in education. My experience working in underserved schools in Baltimore City, Maryland, has driven the creation of this material through the research and developments of organizations worldwide on this issue. Usually, social-emotional learning (SEL) is discussed; however, there is a growing need for understanding trauma's impact on learning, especially in underserved communities. This module integrates empirical research, practical applications, and reflective practices to support educators in fostering resilient learners and incorporating trauma-informed strategies.
Overview and Learning Outcomes
Knowledge Objectives
As a result of completing this Learning Module, participants will be able to:
EXPERIENTIAL OBJECTIVES
Identify and Reflect on Trauma:
- Watch videos explaining different types of trauma and relate them to real-life classroom experiences.
- Reflect on personal encounters and anecdotes of students who may have experienced trauma.
Observe and Relate to Trauma Responses:
- Engage with case studies and identify trauma responses in children’s behavior and learning.
- Share observations and insights through guided discussions.
CONCEPTUAL OBJECTIVES
Understand Core Concepts:
- Define trauma, resilience, and trauma-informed care.
- Identify the principles of trauma-informed teaching: safety, trustworthiness, peer support, collaboration, empowerment, and cultural sensitivity.
Distinguish Between Types of Trauma:
- Differentiate between acute, chronic, and complex trauma.
- Identify trauma symptoms and their impact on student behavior and learning.
Recognize Educational Theories:
- Connect trauma-informed practices to educational theories like behaviorism, cognitive theory, and constructivism.
Identify Resilience-Building Strategies:
- List and explain classroom activities that build resilience.
ANALYTICAL OBJECTIVES
Analyze Trauma-Informed Approaches:
- Evaluate the effectiveness of different trauma-informed strategies in the classroom.
- Identify the challenges and benefits of implementing trauma-informed practices.
Assess Classroom Environments:
- Analyze your own classroom environment for trauma-sensitive elements.
- Identify areas for improvement and propose solutions.
APPLIED OBJECTIVES
Develop a Trauma-Informed Plan:
- Create a comprehensive trauma-informed lesson plan incorporating safety, trust, and empowerment.
- Present your plan to peers and receive constructive feedback.
Implement Resilience-Building Activities:
- Plan and execute a lesson plan on resilience-focused classroom-building activities.
Engage in Reflective Practice:
- Maintain a reflective environment and discuss strategies learned throughout the module.
For the Student
Target Learners and Curriculum Standards:
This module is designed for educators, administrators, and school support staff who work in elementary schools, particularly in underserved communities. Assumptions about prior learning include a foundational understanding of SEL and basic educational psychology principles.
Rationale and Duration:
By the end of this module, you will be equipped with practical strategies to implement trauma-informed practices in your classroom to help you create a nurturing environment where all students can thrive. You will be able to:
- Define trauma and its impact on child development.
- Identify principles of trauma-informed education.
- Develop strategies to create a safe, supportive classroom environment.
- Apply techniques for building resilience in children who have experienced trauma.
Duration: 2 days of 5-hour sessions, including discussions, activities, and reflection time.
Material Requirements:
Access to a computer with internet for online resources and activities such as an E-Resource book, video playback capabilities, printable handouts, and FlipChart paper and markers/pens/pencils.
For the Teacher
Target Learners and Curriculum Standards:
The curriculum aligns with the standards for trauma-informed care in education aligned with SAMHSA’s six key principles of trauma-informed care, CASEL framework for SEL, and CEC Standards aligned with creating inclusive environments for diverse learners.
This module will enhance participants' ability to create supportive, inclusive learning environments that acknowledge and address the impacts of trauma on students' learning and development.
Rationale and Duration:
The rationale for this module is grounded in the need for trauma-informed practices in schools, particularly in communities facing significant socio-economic challenges. The module is structured to be completed in one training immersive session.
Material Requirements:
Supplementary materials include online access to trauma-informed care resources such as the E-Resource book, video playback capabilities, printable handouts (peer review handout), and FlipChart paper and markers/pens/pencils.
Update 1: Understanding Childhood Trauma
For the Student
Content
Video: Types of Trauma (5 min)
Source: Sandstone Care (27 August 2024). Types Of Trauma | Acute, Chronic, and Complex Developmental Trauma (CDT) | Complex PTSD.
Infographic: Childhood Trauma
Source: Roots Through Recovery (n.d.). Childhood Trauma.
E-Resource Book (e-reader must be downloaded to access the book): Understanding Trauma and Its Impact: E-Resource for Educators by The National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments
Definitions of Trauma:
Acute Trauma: A single, overwhelming event, such as a natural disaster, accident, or sudden loss.
Chronic Trauma: Repeated and prolonged exposure to traumatic events, such as ongoing neglect, domestic violence, or bullying.
Complex Trauma: Exposure to multiple traumatic events, often within interpersonal relationships, such as abuse, family instability, or community violence.
Activity:
Identify and Reflect on Trauma:
- Watch the video explaining different types of trauma. Reflect on how these types of trauma might manifest in a classroom setting.
- Read the infographic on types of trauma and identify key characteristics of acute, chronic, and complex trauma.
- Read the first two sections of Understanding Trauma and Its Impact: E-Resource for Educators titled "What is Trauma and Who is Affected?" and "How Do We Respond to Stress?" to understand trauma and its impact on learning development in children.
Observe and Relate to Trauma Responses:
Case Study: Read the case study provided below.
Maria, a 9-year-old student, frequently zones out during lessons and has difficulty concentrating. She appears anxious when asked to participate and often refuses to engage in group work. Recently, Maria started crying uncontrollably when there was a loud noise in the classroom.
Discussion Prompt (as a group): Identify signs of trauma in Maria’s behavior. What trauma responses do you recognize, and what strategies could you use to support her?
Interactive Exercise:
Scenario-Based Role Play: Work with a partner to role-play scenarios where a student exhibits trauma responses. Discuss how you would approach the situation to make the student feel safe and supported.
Role-Play Scenarios:
- Scenario 1: A student becomes visibly upset and withdraws after a loud noise in the classroom. How do you approach the student, and what steps can you take to ensure their sense of safety?
- Scenario 2: A student refuses to participate in a group activity and appears anxious. How do you encourage them to engage while respecting their boundaries?
- Scenario 3: A student suddenly lashes out at a peer during recess. How do you de-escalate the situation and address the underlying trauma response?
Discussion Prompt (as a group):
Based on the case study and your own experience, what signs of trauma have you observed in your students? What strategies have you used, and how effective were they? How does information about the prevalence and types of trauma among students inform how your school operates day-to-day?
For the Teacher
Pedagogical Rationale:
- Understanding Trauma Types: Providing educators with a comprehensive understanding of acute, chronic, and complex trauma helps them recognize and address trauma responses in students. Videos, infographics, and e-resources offer accessible ways to create understanding on these heavy topics.
- Practical Application: By identifying trauma types and responses, educators can create targeted interventions and support systems.
Teaching Strategies:
- Reflective Journaling: Encourage educators to reflect on their observations and personal encounters with trauma-affected students. Journaling promotes awareness and continuous improvement.
- Case Study Analysis: Use real-life case studies like Maria’s to help educators identify trauma responses and appropriate strategies.
- Scenario-Based Role Play: Facilitate role-play exercises to practice responding to trauma-affected students. These scenarios provide a safe space to develop skills in de-escalation, active listening, and fostering safety.
Role-Play Questions for Teachers:
- How do you ensure a student feels safe after experiencing a triggering event in class?
- What language and tone do you use to encourage an anxious student to participate without forcing them?
- How do you de-escalate a conflict involving a student who has experienced trauma?
Standards Alignment:
CASEL SEL Framework: Supports self-awareness, social awareness, and relationship skills.
SAMHSA’s Six Principles: Emphasizes safety, trustworthiness, peer support, collaboration, and empowerment.
Update 2: Principles of Trauma-Informed Teaching
For the Student
Content
Video: Trauma-Informed Classroom Transformation (5 min)
Source: Collie, B. (6 August 2021). Trauma-Informed Classroom Transformation.
Infographic: Six Principles of Trauma-Informed Care
Source: White, B. (30 May 2023). 6 Principles of Trauma Informed Care.
E-Resource Book (e-reader must be downloaded to access the book): Understanding Trauma and Its Impact: E-Resource for Educators by The National Center on Safe Supportive Learning EnvironmentsFocus on the last two sections: "What is the impact of exposure to trauma?" and "What does this mean for schools?"
Definitions of Trauma-Informed Principles:
Safety: Creating environments where students feel physically and emotionally safe.
Trustworthiness and Transparency: Building relationships based on clear expectations and consistency.
Peer Support: Encouraging connections and collaboration among students.
Collaboration and Mutuality: Valuing partnerships between educators and students.
Empowerment, Voice, and Choice: Providing opportunities for students to have control and express their needs.
Cultural, Historical, and Gender Sensitivity: Recognizing and addressing cultural and gender-related factors.
Activity:
Identify and Reflect on Principles
- Watch the video on trauma-informed teaching practices. Reflect on how these principles are implemented in the classroom.
- Read the infographic on the six principles of trauma-informed care. Write a brief explanation of how each principle could apply to your classroom.
- Explore the impact of trauma and what it means for educators by reading the last two sections titled "What is the impact of exposure to trauma?" and "What does this mean for schools?" from the e-resource book, Understanding Trauma and Its Impact: E-Resource for Educators. Reflect on how exposure to trauma affects students' behavior, concentration, and academic performance.
Interactive Exercise:
Classroom Scenario Analysis: Review the following scenario and discuss how you would apply the six principles to support the student with a partner.
Jordan, a 10-year-old student, frequently avoids eye contact, has trouble staying seated, and becomes frustrated easily during independent work. He often seems to overreact to minor corrections and prefers to work alone.
How would you incorporate the principles of safety, trustworthiness, and empowerment to support Jordan in the classroom?
Discussion Prompt (as a group):
Which trauma-informed principle do you find most challenging to implement, and why? How can understanding the impact of trauma help you better apply these principles in your classroom?
For the Teacher
Pedagogical Rationale:
- Why Trauma-Informed Principles Matter: Implementing trauma-informed principles helps create supportive learning environments that foster trust, safety, and collaboration. These principles address the needs of trauma-affected students and promote resilience and academic success.
- Research Insight: The sections "What is the impact of exposure to trauma?" and "What does this mean for schools?" from the Understanding Trauma and Its Impact E-Resource highlight how trauma can disrupt learning, behavior, and relationships in schools. Schools that adopt trauma-informed practices see improvements in student engagement, behavior, and academic outcomes.
Teaching Strategies (expanded):
Safety and Trust:
- Establish clear routines and expectations to create a predictable environment.
- Use calming corners or safe spaces where students can self-regulate in the classroom.
Peer Support and Collaboration:
- Facilitate group activities that encourage teamwork and mutual support.
- Pair students with peers who can provide positive social interactions.
Empowerment and Voice:
- Provide choices in learning activities and classroom responsibilities.
- Encourage students to express their needs and concerns in a safe manner.
Cultural and Gender Sensitivity:
- Acknowledge students' diverse backgrounds and integrate culturally responsive teaching practices.
- Be mindful of gender dynamics and ensure inclusive language and practices.
Supplementary Resources:
Resource: SAMHSA's Six Key Principles
Resource: Trauma-Informed Schools Toolkit
Standards Alignment:
CASEL SEL Framework: Supports self-awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.
SAMHSA’s Six Principles: Aligns with creating safe, transparent, and empowering learning environments.
Additional Reflection Exercise:
"How does adopting trauma-informed principles change your approach to classroom management and student interactions? What challenges do you anticipate, and how can you address them?"
Update 3: Building Resilience in Children
For the Student
Content
Videos: The Power of Youth Building Resilience after Trauma (8 min) and Trauma Informed Teaching (15 min)
Source: Lewis, A. (7 July 2023). The Power of Youth Building Resilience after Trauma.
Source: Fox, M. (12 July 2019). Trauma Informed Teaching.
Infographic: Building Resilience: Practical Strategies for Children
Source: The Children's Movement in Florida (11 September 2019). Building Resilience.
Definitions
Resilience: The ability to adapt, recover, and thrive in the face of adversity or significant stress.
Protective Factors: Elements that help mitigate the effects of trauma, such as supportive relationships, safe environments, and coping skills.
Activity
Identify and Reflect on Strategies
- Watch the videos on building resilience in children especially from diverse backgrounds and on a personal anecdote.
- Read the infographic on building resilience strategies in children.
- Create a Group Resilience Poster using the instructions below.
Task: In groups of three (adjust group size based on training classroom size), develop a poster highlighting strategies for building resilience in children. Your poster should include:
- Definitions of resilience and protective factors.
- Examples of classroom activities that promote resilience.
- Affirmations or quotes that encourage perseverance and self-efficacy.
Materials: Flipchart paper, markers, paper, or digital design tools (e.g., Canva, Google Slides).
After completing the poster, each group will share their posters with the class and discuss ways to build resilience and grit in students.
Discussion Prompt (as a group):
What are some practical ways you can build resilience in your students? How do these activities help mitigate the impact of trauma in the classroom?
For the Teacher
Pedagogical Rationale
- Why Building Resilience Matters: Resilience helps students manage stress, adapt to challenges, and recover from adversity. Trauma-informed teaching that focuses on resilience equips students with lifelong coping skills and enhances their emotional well-being.
- Research Insight: According to research studies such as Carrie R. Giboney Wall's investigations using a Trauma-Informed Approach (TIA) in elementary school, there is proven result of student test scores increasing, growth in self-advocacy and confidence, and reduction of emotional dysregulation in students (Wall, 2020).
Teaching Strategies
Incorporate Resilience-Building Activities:
- Daily Check-Ins: Start each day with a brief check-in where students can express how they feel.
- Affirmation Circles: Have students share positive affirmations or strengths they see in each other.
Supportive Classroom Culture:
- Integrate stories or discussions about overcoming challenges to inspire resilience.
Additional Infographic:
Source: Cullins, A. (30 March 2024). 9 Activities To Build Grit and Resilience in Children.
Supplementary Resources:
Resource: APA Resilience Resources
Standards Alignment:
CASEL SEL Framework: Supports self-awareness, self-management, and relationship skills.
Trauma-Informed Education Principles: Aligns with creating supportive environments that promote resilience.
Reflection Exercise:
How can resilience-building activities be integrated into your daily teaching practices? What challenges might you face, and how can you address them?
Update 4: Applying Trauma-Informed Strategies in the Classroom
For the Student
Content
Video: Getting Started With Trauma-Informed Practices (5 min)
Source: Edutopia (14 January 2019). Getting Started With Trauma-Informed Practices.
Guide: Building Student Resilence Toolkit (Module 2)
Activities
Reflect and Apply
- Watch the videos on trauma-informed practices in action.
- Read the guide (only Module 2) on creating lesson plans on trauma-informed teaching and creating resilient students in the classroom and beyond.
- Create and share a Trauma-Informed Lesson Plan using the instructions below.
Trauma-Informed Lesson Plan
Day 1 of the Module: Develop Your Lesson Plan
Task: Design a detailed lesson plan that incorporates trauma-informed strategies and resilience-building activities. Your lesson plan should include:
- Grade Level: Identify the appropriate grade level for the lesson.
- Learning Objectives: What do you want students to achieve by the end of the lesson?
- Trauma-Informed Strategies: Describe how you will create a safe, supportive, and empowering environment. Include at least three of the following trauma-informed principles: Safety, Trustworthiness and Transparency, Peer Support, Collaboration and Mutuality, Empowerment, Voice, and Choice, and/or Cultural, Historical, and Gender Sensitivity
- Resilience-Building Activity: Incorporate an activity that promotes resilience (e.g., journaling, group discussions, mindfulness exercises).
- Materials Needed: List the resources required for the lesson.
- Reflection Component: Include a brief reflection exercise for students to discuss how the lesson made them feel and what they learned.
Day 2: Teach and Peer Review
Teach the Lesson: Present your lesson plan to your colleagues in this space in a simulated classroom setting.
Peer Review: After the lesson is taught, the instructor will collect a physical copy of your lesson plan, hand out a physical copy of the Peer Review Rubric to all, and anonymously hand out the lesson plans to other peers. You will then complete the following:
- Review a peer's lesson plan using the provided rubric (screenshot below).
- Provide constructive feedback on their trauma-informed strategies and resilience-building activities.
Peer Review Rubric:
Discussion Prompt on Day 2 after Reviews are completed:
How did the feedback from your peers help you refine your trauma-informed lesson plan? What insights did you gain from reviewing others' plans?
For the Teacher
Pedagogical Rationale
- Why Create Trauma-Informed Lesson Plans: Designing lesson plans with trauma-informed strategies helps create a classroom environment where all students feel safe, supported, and empowered. These strategies address the emotional needs of trauma-affected students and foster resilience, leading to improved learning outcomes.
Key Components of a Trauma-Informed Lesson Plan
- Safety: Ensure the classroom environment is predictable and free from potential triggers.
- Trustworthiness: Clearly explain the lesson objectives, expectations, and activities.
- Empowerment: Provide opportunities for student choice and voice.
- Peer Support: Integrate collaborative activities to build community and mutual support.
- Reflection: Encourage students to reflect on their experiences and emotions during the lesson.
Teaching Strategies
- Journaling: Allow students time to express their thoughts and feelings privately.
- Mindfulness Exercises: Start or end the lesson with a brief mindfulness activity to promote self-regulation.
- Group Discussions: Facilitate discussions where students can share their insights and support one another.
Example Lesson Plan Template
Grade Level: 4th Grade
Learning Objective: Students will learn to identify and express their emotions using a feelings chart.
Trauma-Informed Strategies:
- Safety: Create a calm environment with clear expectations.
- Trustworthiness: Explain the purpose of the feelings chart and how it will be used.
- Empowerment: Allow students to choose how they want to express their emotions (e.g., writing, drawing).
- Resilience-Building Activity: Each student creates their own feelings chart and shares it with a partner.
Materials: Paper, markers, feelings chart template.
Reflection: "How did using the feelings chart help you understand your emotions today?"
Peer Review Instructions
Step 1: Collect a physical copy of each participant's lesson plan
Step 2: Hand out a physical copy of the Peer Review Rubric to all participants.
Step 3: Anonymously hand out the lesson plans to other participants so it is confidential and the feedback stays anonymous.
Step 4: Collect the completed rubrics and lesson plans, and return them to the respective participants.
Standards Alignment
CASEL SEL Framework: Supports self-awareness, social awareness, and responsible decision-making.
Trauma-Informed Education Principles: Aligns with creating inclusive and supportive classroom environments.
Reflection Exercise
What was the most challenging part of implementing trauma-informed strategies in your lesson? How did the peer review process help you refine your approach?
Peer-Reviewed Project
For the Student
Before Day 2 of this Learning Module, you will create a detailed lesson plan that incorporates trauma-informed strategies and resilience-building activities. The requirements are mentioned in Update 4.
On Day 2 of this Learning Module, you will complete a Peer Review of the Lesson Plans created and conducted by your peers.
Step 1: All participants will present their lesson plans to their peers in this space as a simulated classroom setting.
Step 2: Peer Review.
After the lesson is taught, the instructor will collect a physical copy of your lesson plan, hand out a physical copy of the Peer Review Rubric to all, and anonymously hand out the lesson plans to other peers. You will then complete the following:
- Review a peer's lesson plan using the provided rubric (screenshot below)
- Provide constructive feedback on their trauma-informed strategies and resilience-building activities.
For the Teacher
On Day 2 of this Learning Module, you will guide participants through a simulated classroom setting where they will present their trauma-informed lesson plans. The peer review process is designed to create collaboration and critical thinking. Follow these steps to facilitate the process effectively:
Lesson Plan Presentation
- Each participant presents their lesson plan to their peers in a simulated classroom environment.
- Encourage participants to briefly explain the trauma-informed strategies and resilience-building activities they incorporated.
Distribute Peer Review Materials
- Collect a physical copy of each participant's lesson plan.
- Provide each participant with a physical copy of the Peer Review Rubric.
- Randomly and anonymously distribute the lesson plans to participants for peer review.
Conduct the Peer Review
- Allow participants 20-30 minutes to review their assigned peer's lesson plan using the rubric.
- Emphasize the importance of providing constructive feedback that is specific and actionable.
Debrief Session
After completing the reviews, facilitate a debrief session where participants can share insights and reflections on the peer review process.
Encourage discussion on the following questions:
- "What did you learn from reviewing your peer's lesson plan?"
- "How did the feedback you received help you refine your approach to trauma-informed teaching?"
Pedagogical Rationale
- Collaborative Learning: Peer review promotes a collaborative learning environment where educators can learn from each other's strengths and areas for improvement.
- Reflective Practice: The process encourages educators to reflect on their own teaching practices and consider new strategies for supporting trauma-affected students.
- Continuous Improvement: Constructive feedback helps educators refine their lesson plans and improve their ability to create safe, supportive, and resilient classrooms.
Trauma-Informed Survey
For the Student
Congratulations on completing the "Nurturing Resilience: Fostering Trauma-Informed Environments for Children" Learning Module! You have explored essential trauma-informed principles, strategies for supporting trauma-affected students, and ways to build resilience in the classroom.
This post-survey will help assess your learning and understanding of the key concepts covered in this module. Your responses will provide valuable insights into your readiness to implement trauma-informed practices and resilience-building activities in your classroom.
How to Complete the Survey
- Answer all questions honestly. Your responses will help you reflect on your growth and identify areas for further development.
- Use the provided scale or multiple-choice options for each question. Some questions may require open-ended responses.
- The survey will take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.
Your feedback is invaluable and will be used to improve future training and support for trauma-informed teaching. Thank you for your participation!
Post Knowledge Survey: Nurturing Resilience and Trauma-Informed Practices Link
For the Teacher
Post-Survey Administration
Timing: Administer the post-survey at the end of Day 2.
Platform: Questions should be put in Google Forms to distribute the survey, and create a link to share with the participants.
Goal: Assess knowledge gains and identify areas for further growth.
Reflection: Review the open-ended responses to understand participants' plans for applying trauma-informed strategies.
Analyzing Results
- Use the data to evaluate how well participants understand trauma-informed practices and resilience-building.
- Identify areas where additional support or training may be needed.
- Compare the results to module objectives to assess the effectiveness of the learning experience.
Additional Tips
- Ensure responses are anonymous to encourage honest feedback.
- After the post-survey, try to facilitate a discussion on key learnings and how participants plan to implement trauma-informed practices.
Assessment and Evaluation
For the Student
Assessment Plan
Your participation, lesson plan, and post-survey serves as the primary tool to evaluate your understanding and readiness to implement trauma-informed practices. The survey assesses:
- Knowledge of Trauma-Informed Principles: understanding core concepts, such as safety, trustworthiness, and resilience-building.
- Recognition of Trauma Types: identifying acute, chronic, and complex trauma.
- Application of Strategies: ability to apply trauma-informed and resilience-building strategies in the classroom.
- Self-Reflection: your confidence and plans for implementing these strategies.
Why This Matters: this assessment helps you reflect on your growth and identify areas for improvement. Your responses as well as your participation and lesson plan provide a roadmap for applying what you've learned to create supportive and resilient classroom environments.
For the Teacher
Educational Measurement Strategy
The educational measurement strategy for this module evaluates learning outcomes through multiple methods:
Trauma-Informed Lesson Plan
- Assess: Evaluate the lesson plan created by participants for the inclusion of trauma-informed principles and resilience-building activities.
- Criteria: Use the peer review process to assess the effectiveness of the strategies included in the lesson plan.
Participant Engagement
- Assess: Monitor active participation in group discussions, scenario activities, and collaborative exercises.
- Criteria: Assess the depth of contributions, engagement with peers, and ability to apply trauma-informed concepts during activities.
Post-Survey
- Assess: Analyze responses to multiple-choice and open-ended questions to measure: knowledge gains of trauma-informed principles, understanding of trauma type, and readiness and confidence in applying strategies.
- Data Analysis: Quantitative data from multiple-choice responses to gauge comprehension.
Evaluation Strategy
- Quantitative Data: Analyze post-survey scores to identify knowledge gains and areas needing reinforcement.
- Qualitative Data: Review lesson plans and survey responses to identify themes and readiness for practical application.
- Reflection and Feedback: Use feedback to refine future training sessions and support educators in applying trauma-informed practices.
Learning Module References
American Institutes for Research. (n.d.). Trauma-informed care in schools. https://trauma.airprojects.org/.
American Psychological Association (2012). Resilience guide for parents and teachers. https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience/guide-parents-teachers.
Black, P., Henderson-Smith, L., & Flinspach, S. (2021 September 21). Trauma-Informed, Resilience Oriented Schools Toolkit. National Center for School Safety. https://www.nc2s.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Trauma-Informed-Resilience-Oriented-Schools-Toolkit.pdf.
Collie, B. (2021 August 6). Trauma-Informed Classroom Transformation. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYbIMX6T7Xo&t=12s.
Cullins, A. (2024 March 30). Activities to build grit and resilience in children. Big Life Journal. https://biglifejournal.com/blogs/blog/activities-grit-resilience-children.
Children’s Movement of Florida. (2019 September 11). Best in class 9: How big is your bounce? https://www.childrensmovementflorida.org/best-in-class-9-how-big-is-your-bounce.
Edutopia. (2019 January 14). Getting Started With Trauma-Informed Practices. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWIV3wWygS4.
Fox, M. (2019 July 12). Trauma-informed teaching in action. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vbN5CZCEsw&t=413s.
Ginsburg, K. R. (2020). Building resilience in children and teens. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWIV3wWygS4.
Lewis, A. (2023 July 27). The Power of Youth Building Resilience after Trauma. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2oi0fPfSAFI.
National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments. (n.d.) Building Resilience Toolkit: Module 2: Building Resilience in the Classroom. https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/building-student-resilience-toolkit.
National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments. (n.d.). Understanding trauma and its impact. https://trauma.airprojects.org/.
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN). (n.d.). Understanding Child Trauma and The NCTSN. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/understanding-child-trauma-and-nctsn.
Roots Through Recovery. (n.d.). Childhood Trauma and Trauma Treatment. https://roots-recovery.com/es/treatment-services/trauma/.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014 July). SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach. https://ncsacw.acf.hhs.gov/userfiles/files/SAMHSA_Trauma.pdf.
Sandstone Care. (2024, August 27). Types of trauma: Acute, chronic, and complex developmental trauma (CDT) | Complex PTSD. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO-edr6_gSk.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. (n.d.). Trauma-informed care in educational settings. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYbIMX6T7Xo&t=12s.
Van der Kolk, B. (2020). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma.
Walkley, M., & Cox, T. L. (2020). Building trauma-informed schools and supportive school communities. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 13(4), 507-518. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10926771.2020.1737292.
Wall, C. R. G. (2020). Relationship over reproach: Fostering resilience by embracing a trauma-informed approach to elementary education. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(1), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1737292
White, B. (2023 May 30). The 6 principles of trauma-informed care. Exym. https://blog.exym.com/the-6-principles-of-trauma-informed-care